自發排出率:依大小、四週的歷史估計約為 <5 mm 98%/5–7 mm 60%/>7 mm 39%(CT 量測約為實際的 88%,需校正);現行 EAU 較保守且納入位置——<5 mm 整體約 75%(遠端 <5 mm 可達約 89%)、≥5 mm 約 62%。決策採較保守數字,勿給「<5 mm 幾乎都會排」的絕對印象。
醫療排石療法(MET;Tamsulosin 0.4 mg PO QD × 最多 4 週):最有證據的對象=已確診、遠端輸尿管 5–10 mm、無併發症(無感染/腎功能惡化/難治疼痛)且可可靠追蹤者,屬 off-label、需知情同意。<5 mm 不常規使用(基線排出率高、增益有限);>10 mm 或鹿角狀 → 泌尿科手術。兩性皆可用;副作用:姿勢性低血壓(尤其老人)、逆行射精、術中虹膜鬆弛症候群。
EAUEuropean Association of Urology. EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis(現行版,2025 edition). Arnhem, The Netherlands: EAU Guidelines Office. uroweb.org/guidelines/urolithiasis(自發排出率納入位置、MET 適應症遠端 5–10 mm 之較保守數字)
ESVS 2024Wanhainen A, Van Herzeele I, Bastos Gonçalves F, et al. Editor's Choice — European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2024 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Abdominal Aorto-Iliac Artery Aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2024;67(2):192–331. ejves.com
SVS 2018Chaikof EL, Dalman RL, Eskandari MK, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines on the care of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg. 2018;67(1):2–77.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2017.10.044
臨床試驗與研究
SUSPEND 2015Pickard R, Starr K, MacLennan G, et al. Medical expulsive therapy in adults with ureteric colic: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;386(9991):341–349. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60933-3(MET 整體無差異;post-hoc 顯示遠端 >5 mm 仍可能受益)
Ketorolac ceilingMotov S, Yasavolian M, Likourezos A, et al. Comparison of Intravenous Ketorolac at Three Single-Dose Regimens for Treating Acute Pain in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;70(2):177–184. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.10.014(10/15/30 mg 止痛相近,10 mg 為 analgesic ceiling)
IV LidocaineMiller AC, Khan AM, Castro Bigalli AA, et al. Intravenous Amide Anesthetics to Treat Pain Associated with Renal Colic in the Emergency Department: a Systematic Review. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2020;8(1):e27. PMID 32259122(4 RCT/479 人;證據不足以定論優於傳統療法)
教科書
TextbookTintinalli JE, Ma OJ, Yealy DM, et al., eds. Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2020. Chapters: Urologic Stone Disease;Aneurysmal Disease;Acute Abdominal Pain.