四個字母記住整套處置:H · E · A · T H — Hyperthermia first(先想到體溫):核心體溫是這個 toxidrome 最致命的一環。參考門檻是「一般 >40.5°C 適合冷水浸泡」,但快速上升或已有器官損傷者不必等跨過門檻;降溫與鎮靜平行做。 E — Escalate sedation(把鎮靜加到夠):未分化嚴重躁動依 ACEP 2024——組合最快(droperidol 或 olanzapine + midazolam),單用時選抗精神病藥而非 midazolam;已知興奮劑中毒以 benzodiazepine 起手。等起效再加量(肌肉注射多需 10–20 分),終點是神經肌肉過度活動明顯改善,不是病人完全不動。 A — Avoid three traps(避開三個陷阱):① 用快篩陰性排除中毒;② 只約束不鎮靜;③ 高血壓急症用長效降壓藥。 T — Test & Track(查與追):安全許可就取得血糖、體溫、ECG;驗鈉、CK、電解質(QRS 寬 → sodium bicarbonate);鎮靜後上 ECG/SpO₂/波形 EtCO₂。觀察長度參考藥效時間,但出院看的是症狀與併發症,不是碼錶。
七、參考文獻
指引與政策
ACEP 2024American College of Emergency Physicians Clinical Policies Subcommittee. Clinical Policy: Critical Issues in the Evaluation and Management of Adult Out-of-Hospital or Emergency Department Patients Presenting With Severe Agitation. Ann Emerg Med. 2024;83(1):e1–e30. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2023.09.010(Level B 組合治療、單用優先抗精神病藥;Level C 共識 ketamine;院前與 ≥65 歲不給建議)
ASAM/AAAP 2024The ASAM/AAAP Clinical Practice Guideline on the Management of Stimulant Use Disorder. J Addict Med. 2024;18(1S Suppl 1):1–56. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000001299(急性中毒處置建議 45–72、用藥附表)
ACEP 2021American College of Emergency Physicians Hyperactive Delirium Task Force. ACEP Task Force Report on Hyperactive Delirium with Severe Agitation in Emergency Settings. Approved June 23, 2021. acep.org(四種肌肉注射藥物比較 Table 1、約束與監測)
ACMT 2023American College of Medical Toxicology. ACMT Position Statement: End the Use of the Term "Excited Delirium". May 1, 2023. acmt.net(術語廢止、死因書寫、約束與俯臥姿勢之換氣減少)
ACEP 2023American College of Emergency Physicians. ACEP Reaffirms Positions on Hyperactive Delirium. October 12, 2023. acep.org(撤回 2009 白皮書背書、現行用語與臨床描述)
研究
組合治療Taylor DM, Yap CYL, Knott JC, et al. Midazolam-Droperidol, Droperidol, or Olanzapine for Acute Agitation: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;69(3):318–326.e1. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.07.033(組合 10 分鐘 75% 達適當鎮靜)
組合治療Chan EW, Taylor DM, Knott JC, et al. Intravenous droperidol or olanzapine as an adjunct to midazolam for the acutely agitated patient: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2013;61(1):72–81. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.07.118(單用 midazolam 達適當鎮靜需 68 分)
KetamineMankowitz SL, Regenberg P, Kaldan J, Cole JB. Ketamine for Rapid Sedation of Agitated Patients in the Prehospital and Emergency Department Settings: A Systematic Review and Proportional Meta-Analysis. J Emerg Med. 2018;55(5):670–681. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.07.017(平均 7.21 分達鎮靜)
KetamineCole JB, Moore JC, Nystrom PC, et al. A prospective study of ketamine versus haloperidol for severe prehospital agitation. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2016;54(7):556–562. doi:10.1080/15563650.2016.1177652(院前 ketamine 之插管率)
教科書
TextbookTintinalli JE, Ma OJ, Yealy DM, et al., eds. Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2020. Chapter 188: Cocaine and Amphetamines(藥效持續時間表、鑑別診斷表、心臟毒性);高體溫症候群鑑別表。